must an impactor be to produce a given size impact structure? Dual crater at the bottom of Lake Chiemsee, Bavaria (Germany) that very probably formed in the large Holocene Chiemgau impact event. Around its base is a steep cliff as high as 6 km. Fig. The monument contains 55 cones with lava flows and 14 fissures, many of which have spatter cones. 9 0 obj
Porphyritic texture is composed of crystals of two different sizes. 11. Mercury has lots of craters, yet Venus has very few craters, due to its dense atmosphere (containing lots of 'heavy' gases), meaning that many meteorites burn up due to friction in the . The image to the left is a very simple, bowl shaped crater on the Moon and is typical of small craters that have formed relatively recently. This new crater candidate with fluvial morphological units preserved on the floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes . )y&bS_jW+|z6ADS FZM+q&+rVim#yHNO 8tU#T.f-[`of=XzuEvr+Ll[fXt
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UGs@wc Slaty cleavage is composed of platy minerals that are too small to see. What would happen if a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth? 7) will result. Fig. Copernicus is a large crater (93 kilometers or 60 miles wide) on the Moon. These processes expose old, long-buried materials, making them accessible to probes and . The moons surface is riddled with craters ranging in size and structural complexity, and billions of years ago before life emerged, the Earth looked the same way. Approximately 80% of Earth's surface is less than 200 million years old, while over 99% of the Moon's surface is more than 3 billion years old. In the beginning debate about meteorite craters (about one hundred years ago), astronomers believed the many craters on the Moon were volcanic. On relieving of pressure, there is an elastic rebound at the crater floor now hosting a layer of brecciated rocks. Smaller valleys join the main east-west chasm. Wind-produced features, called bright windstreaks, are associated with many craters. Fig. Name _____ COSMORPHOLOGY - May 2009 Geologic landforms Purpose: By studying aerial photographs you will learn to identify different kinds of geologic features based on their different morphologies and learn the processes involved in their formation. Although temperatures below freezing and low atmospheric pressures do not allow liquid water on the surface of Mars today, erosion processes involving running water were important on Mars in the past. 8. Enormous collapse calderas are found on the summits of each of the volcanoes. endobj
The now existing bowl-shaped structure surrounded by an uplifted rim and a blanket of ejected material is termed the transient crater obviously indicating a continuation of the impact cratering process arriving in the modification stage. Larger, more forceful impact events will form complex craters in which the rock at the center of the crater rebounds from the downward pressure of the shock wave and uplifts into a mound-like formation. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. Larger craters can have terraces, central peaks, and multiple rings. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_1.jpg"Figure 1. Context Image. We see that shock wave and rarefaction wave propagation are essential in the formation of a meteorite impact crater. The four major geologic processes (gradation, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism) each produce distinct landforms. Typically bowl-shaped craters. 6 0 obj
Mafic compositions are poor in silica, but rich in iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg). A bowl-shaped simple crater (Wolfe Creek, Australia, 900 m diameter). Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km . Driven by the hypervelocity impact deformation, melted and fractured rocks will be accelerated behind the shock front initiating in the second stage the excavation mass flow. These crater chains are formed when a comet, normally torn apart by tides, has many of its fragments collide into the planet or moon at nearly the same time. Craters most often are circular. This thick mantle of dust creates the appearance of snow covered mountains in the image. Inclusion, Diversity, Equity & Accessibility (IDEA). 14. The circular shape is due to material flying out in all directions as a result of the explosion upon impact, not a result of the impactor having a circular shape (almost no impactors are spherical). It has some of the clearest water in the world, and the bottom lies nearly 2,000 feet below the surface, making it the deepest lake in the United States.You can gaze down on it from lookouts along the Rim Drive, part of the 500-mile-long Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.Or you can peer into its depths during a boat tour to Wizard Island (formed by a more . Dunite has an ultramafic composition yet is apple green to yellowish green in color. During the final modification phase, the remainder of ejecta partially refills and rings the crater site, and debris forms a rich mineral composite called breccia. 14 0 obj
Photo Policy The extreme environmental shifts caused a mass extinction of 75% of Earth's species, including the dinosaurs. The origins of Uluru (and Kata Tjuta) date back about 500 million years, to around the same time the Australian continent was formed. Below a trajectory defining floor and walls of the expanding cavity, the rock material cannot leave and is compressed sideward and downwards. endobj
What geologic process do you think formed Reuyl (labeled B)? Igneous rocks can be identified by the determination of the composition and texture of the rock. 2. This means that the minerals in the rock are all aligned with each other. 15. 10. That means it is more likely it will cool into hexagonal chunks. The structure of the transient crater is widely preserved, and we are left with a simple or bowl-shaped impact crater (Fig. This especially concerned also the vaporization of the impactor by shock-induced temperatures and, at that time, let the mining engineers helpless when they did not encounter the expected 50 m-diameter iron meteorite beneath the floor of the Barringer (Meteorite) crater. There is no other reasonable explanation for the occurrence of such a peculiar structure at the bottom of the glacial Lake Chiemsee. h_X CJ h_X 5B* CJ ph h \ 6). Are the craters you observe older or younger than the valleys? The reflected tensile stresses are insofar crucial as the tensile strength of rocks is much lower than the compressive strength. Apollinaris Patera and surrounding region centered at 10S, 190W. Marble is composed of calcite and will readily react to a small drop of HCl. 2 0 obj
. Tenoumer Crater. endobj
Craters can be used to determine the relative ages of Martian surface materials; in general, older surfaces have craters which are more numerous, larger, and more degraded than those on young surfaces. In the case of small transient craters, modifications are moderate. For larger transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale. Albite has a chemical composition of NaAlSi3O8, while anorthite's chemical compositon is CaAl2Si2O8. What are craters? Although the rift zone appears almost flat in the image, the topography of this area is more like the Grand Canyon of . The composition of clastic sedimentary rocks is divided into three types - clay/silt, sand and gravel. A projectile (like the small plastic sphere) produced the crater in a laboratory hypervelocity impact experiment. Compare the size of Ius Chasma and its tributaries to the size of the Grand Canyon of Arizona (approximate length=175 km and maximum width=29km). * Definitions simplified or modified from Bates, R.L. endobj
Although Mars does not have plate tectonics like the Earth, there are many tectonic features that show its surface has been deformed. Nrdlinger Ries. Measure and record the diameter of Olympus Mons. The three stages of impact crater formation. Like the other planets, Earth formed . Thus, if a valley cuts through a crater, the crater must be older. The same geologic processes that shape Earth, i.e., erosion, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism, have left their mark on Mars. Biologic sedimentary rocks are which form as the result of the accumulation of organic material or biologic activity. Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. If the projectile . The meter scale indicates water depth. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>*
h=X@ 5CJ
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h 5CJ. Google Earth image. Scientists estimate that Earth and the other terrestrial planets are struck by, on average, five asteroids less than 2 kilometers (a little over 1 mile) across every million years. endobj
Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is . The inner walls of the crater have collapsed to form a series of step-like terraces, and a central peak is visible in the center of the image. endobj
Tychos diameter is 85 km. Computations suggest craters that were formed by a low-density projectile are flatter and have distinctly larger diameter ratios (compared to the above-mentioned one-to-ten ratio of projectile and crater diameter). A very rough rule of thumb amounts to the order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio. Both are black in color, and is composed of carbon. In the following, these three stages are illustrated and described in a somewhat simplified manner. Scientists record the size and number of impact craters and how eroded they are to determine the ages and histories of different planetary surfaces. Igneous Rock Identification ChartCOMPOSITION
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
TEXTURE\\\\\\\FelsicIntermediateMaficUltramaficPegmatiticGranite PegmatiteDiorite PegmatiteGabbro PegmatitePhaneriticGraniteDioriteGabbroDuniteAphaniticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltPorphyriticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltGlassyObsidianBasaltic GlassVesicularPumiceScoriaPyroclasticVolcanic Tuff
Composition of igneous rocks is properly identified by determination of the rocks chemical composition. The white material comprising the central peak is glass microbeads. Aeolian (wind) activity is also a continuing process of erosion. Moreover, the polar caps contain some water ice. What is the diameter of the large crater towards the bottom of the image? Image: Google Earth. Procedures and Lab Questions to be Turned In: Part 1
Olympus Mons is a shield volcano 600 km in diameter, towering 25 km above the surrounding plain. Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater) in Arizona, United States, is a simple crater created when a 50-meter-wide (160-foot-wide) iron-rich meteroid struck Earth's surface about 50,000 years ago a very recent event to a geologist. Determination of the actual chemical composition and crytalline structure of a mineral is difficult without the proper equipment. 19). <>
eige6 Texture will still be used but in a different sense than for igneous rocks. There are some interesting erosional signs in this observation, which will make for a good comparison with other intracrater fans and fluvial sedimentary landforms. Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? These chunks begin to form at the top layer of the lava, which is cooling the fastest. Measure and record the width of the Ius Chasma. -yM. The diameter of the each miniature craters is 5 10 mm. e. (Hint: the region slopes to the north.) This article about an extraterrestrial geological feature is a stub. 9). The impact sprays material ejecta out in all directions. A compressive shock pulse is not only reflected at the free target surface but also always when it impinges on a boundary of material with reduced impedance (equivalent to the product of density and sound velocity) where part of the energy is reflected as a rarefaction pulse. This planar character can be flat like a piece of slate or folded. Calcite readily reacts with a small drop of HCl. This impact is thought to have triggered fires and tsunamis and created a cloud of dust and water vapor that enveloped the globe in a matter of days, resulting in fluctuating global climate changes. As a rule of thumb, older surfaces have been exposed to impacting bodies (meteoroids, asteroids, and comets) for a longer period of time than younger surfaces. -Un+iJiO&Jsg/kO(*g!FcyvOC&t+3I*cm_5{`7=!MhW&A\8(}HOf%_Pp)G)d:owWt..L These are not visible to the unaided eye. Sand and dust particles carried by the wind form dunes and windstreaks. Galileo Image (PIA00405), produced by the United States Geological Survey, courtesy of NASA. Code of Conduct Download Citation | On Jan 1, 2014, Teasel Muir-Harmony published Reuyl, Dirk | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. On a world with an atmosphere, the object is heated by friction with the blanket of air. Procedures and Questions: Part 2
Ius Chasma is part of the western end of Valles Marineris, the largest Martian canyon. 13. Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. Justify your answer. The somewhat blurred contours are not surprising giventhe impact happened into water and a soft, water-saturated target rock. : Cf Cf @U ' 8 L D # 8 ^ r ( u u u # # # # # # # $ $ r' -# u u -# B# u" u" u" # u" # u" u" w" " pW 0 {" " X# 0 # " ( ( " ( " l u Z @ u" 4 C l u u u -# -# ! endobj
Quite a few interesting questions may remain open. Meteors incorrectly called shooting stars are the streaks of light created as particles of dust and ice vaporize in our atmosphere. How can you tell? Sometimes lots of particles strike at one time, creating meteor showers. !#\k]k)3f}2Xyb=Np. Below you will find a chart which defines the physical properties and provides the means for determining the physical property of a mineral sample. 5) Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked D. What processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? While many minerals share common physical properties, when all of a mineral's physical properties are examined, it often results in a unique set of physical properties which can be used to identify the mineral. Extensional stresses have led to the formation of great valleys such as Valles Marineris, the longest canyon system in the solar system. On propagating roughly hemispherically into the underground target rocks, shock wave energy diminishes and so does pressure and temperature. Light colors, including white, light gray, tan and pink, indicate a felsic composition. Indeed, impact craters are one of the most common geological landforms on the majority of rocky terrestrial planets, asteroids, and many of the rocky and icy moons of the inner and outer Solar System. (80 km diameter). -+eh5
L*]>;ppq The rock is composed entirely of glass. The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early Earth. The edges of these larger craters also may slump, creating terraces that step down into the crater. Four minerals that need to be identified are quartz, halite, gypsum and calcite. Impact shock waves are characterized by an instantaneous onset of extreme pressures (up to the order of megabars) and extreme temperatures (up to 10,000 degrees or more) on release of the pressure. | Stresses can be caused by subsurface uplift or by the addition of mass (such as lava flows) that weigh down an area. January 2014; Fig. The bottom line is, everything that happened on the moon happened on the Earth, said David Kring, crater expert and team leader for Center for Lunar Science and Exploration. This depends on how large the crater is. in Reuyl crater located along the dichotomy boundary (west of Apollinaris Mons ). Explain their similarities and their differences. How looks an impact crater that was produced by an oblique impact? When a meteor makes it through Earths atmosphere without burning up, it strikes the ground faster than the speed of sound. Explain your answer. A stone-into-mud crater demonstrates the difference between it and a hypervelocity crater (Fig. However, there are exceptions. XX=S;K]3:V-j ,bxHeM?qaZ] R*Jf]x-Tfymoy{!TX&THH9C]NXg Metamorphic Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREFOLIATIONCOMPOSITIONTYPEPARENT ROCKROCK NAMEFoliatedslatymicaRegionalMudstoneSlatephylliticquartz, mica, chloriteRegionalMudstonePhylliteschistosemica, quartzRegionalSlateSchistschistoseamphibole, plagioclaseRegionalBasalt or GabbroAmphibolitegneissic bandingfeldspar, mica, quartzRegionalSchistGneissNon-FoliatedcarbonContact or RegionalBituminous CoalAnthracite Coalquartz, rock fragmentsContact or RegionalConglomerateMetaconglomeratecalciteContact or RegionalLimestoneMarblequartzContact or RegionalSandstoneQuartzite
Mars Surface Introduction
In many ways Mars is similar to Earth. Scientists describe other types of craters as well: How are large craters different than small ones? As a result, there are only around 160 known impact craters in existence today (though there are surely more that havent been discovered). }v)He|/7rw9>{W9qM~Zs.|9q7_9'o2p3kie V;\UXF}w1l`p!U,9#H{wx 0 ~
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Justify your answer. The largest impact basin on the Moon is 2500 kilometers (1550 miles) in diameter and more than 12 kilometers (7 miles) deep. Privacy Policy| When first we see images of the famous one-kilometer (0.75-mile) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona (Fig. Computer simulations show that the modification process may already begin before standstill of the excavation leading to large-scale countermovement of rock masses. (not recommended in an introductory lab - you don't know who has handled or licked the sample before you).Other PropertiesFluorescence, RadioactivityRequires special equipment such as a UV lamp and geiger counter. Reuyl crater is at the southern edge of a region known to be blanketed in thick dust based on its high albedo (brightness) and low thermal inertia values. Describe the appearance and orientation of the windstreaks. Explain your answer. 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